Internal Controls of the Police

Introduction

More conflicting subject and of greater importance does not exist than the one of the controls of professional conduct, when of a police institution it is spoken.

Even still more there of all supervise consideration, there are some who consider to the internal control the spine of a progressive plan of police reform.

The subject the police reform seriously if cannot be dealed with a plan is not elaborated integral, rational, systematic and coherent technical that from a good diagnosis offers the answers that the Dominican society in the diverse aspects of the internal public security demands.

One of the three central subjects of the integral plan of police reform that will be executed in the country is the one of the control and efficient control of the police activities:

"the police work will emphasize the aspect of Communitarian Police, the respect to the human rights and the efficient control of the behavior of its members".

On the other hand, one makes sure that: "To journey of a police model outside control to another subject to controls it is a foreseeably conflicting and violent challenge"

They explain that unlike institutional reforms other people's to the apparatus of security of the State, in this case is ' to contain practices protected by impunity guaranteed by the own Estate. ' the control of the police is at the same time detonating the main one of the risks, potential conflicts and violence within the framework of his reform '

These initial considerations must be focused in the context of the world-wide and regional reality, to show not only the importance of the subject, but also their practical utility in the economic development, governability, stability and reinforcement of the democracy.

Which are the main challenges of our region?

"In agreement with the World Bank, in next the ten years Latin America and the Caribbean they will need an infrastructure investment of the order of the 60 trillions annual dollars.The attention of this cost is totally outside the reach of the State, reason why it will be necessary to stimulate the deprived investment, as much national as foreign. This can only be obtained if the democratic stability of the region is guaranteed, which depends in much of which the military are subordinated to the civil power indeed and of which the poverty degree is reduced or, at least, this one lets grow "

The penal system - integrated by justice, the police and the jails it is the instrument to guarantee the stability that allows that investment.

Nevertheless, one affirms that ' the system is congested, is ineffective, corrupt and old fashioned, which the jails over-populated of internal are not sentenced, the processes are long and dark, the rights of the justiciables are not guaranteed, are weak and very poor the relations between the police and the community, in short, which people perceive to the police like a brutal institution, corrupt and little professional'.

For those reasons, it is insisted on the reform of the police, that is the basic tool and first of the State to control and to protect the citizens: "the fear to the crime, as wellas the perception of which the social disorder increases, extends by Latin America like in many other nations of the developing world".

They exist despite, other problems that have been determine the proportions by organizations pro human rights: the extrajudicial torture, executions and other violations to the inalienable rights.

"In Latin America, where in greater or smaller degree still it governs the inquisitive model of penal justice, the logic of the torture is not only one temptation but that is consubstantial to that system. The torture, for that reason, within the frame of the judicial thing, cannot be analyzed like a circumstantial element, like one ' failed' of the system, but like structural, intrinsic an element to cultural and procedural the model that we inherited... "

Without deepening in binding aspects of the subject object of our brief communication we will treat, nevertheless, to see general performances in relation to the operation of the police organisms in a few Latin American countries and in the end we will present/display a panoramic one of a project of internal controls that could be applied in the Dominican Republic.

Majorities

"There is information sufficient to affirm that great part of the hemisphere journeys by diverse degrees of crisis, conflict and violence in its police institutions".

That affirmation corroborates WARREN ALLMAND, when explaining the phase of transition to new democratic models that began when stopping the cold war: "En almost all new democracy pronounces a sweeping increase of the common delinquency and the criminality, including the homicides, generating simultaneously an increasing feeling of insecurity and fear in the population."

It concludes saying that the result in most of the cases is that a culture broth is created that arranges to the town to favor "of the return to authoritarian schemes of government and to the repressive activities in relation to the crime"

In diverse countries, as opposed to the weakness of the police, the Armed Forces in works of internal security have been used, moved away of their obligation to take care of the national defense.

Traditionally, when enumerating the indicators of the police weakness in Latin America, are mentioned the lack of a suitable equipment, logistic resources, low pays, uniforms and transportation.

Also it is spoken of the abuse of the discipline and the rigor that are applied to the interior of the police institution; of its evident incapacity to collect trustworthy information, to elaborate statistical of the crime and to identify the geographic tendencies of the crime; what citizen distrust and impossibility entail to fortify the empire of the law, without taking into account the significant deterioration from the social support towards the democracy.

We do not have to forget, that in the international context, it is considered as it leaves from the authoritarian model for the police organizations in whose philosophical conception they do not require of public legitimacy to be effective; they have few surrender and control mechanisms of accounts; the prevention of crime weakly is developed and lack strategies for the cooperation with the community, among other characteristics.

The certain thing is that very few crimes are solved without the cooperation of the citizensthrough the denunciations: the police is incapable to detect to the criminals without the aid of the community.

However, which are then the distinctive elements of an appropriate police organization for the democracy?

Several parameters exist and an increasing consensus on the importance of which the police organizations are not under the control of the military in activity; that their mission is fundamentally the protection of the citizens in the context of the respect to the international standards of human rights; ethnically plural; not followerization, that their
operations are based on the principles of responsibility and surrender of accounts towards the diverse citizens and public through multiple mechanisms; involution of its effectiveness; participation of the civil society and increase of the communitarian relations.

The average one adapted to improve the relations with the public and to reinforce the police activity is to put brake to the abuse and the police corruption, according to affirms RACHEL NEILD

In a seminary celebrated recently in Brazil, "the necessity stood out to establish concrete mechanisms of control of the police activity, investigation and participation in the stage of investigation of the processes. The necessity also appears to limit to the maximum the time of administrative or police halting, which is excessive and tends to be means of culture of the torture ".

A good process of reform must contemplate in addition to an increase to the transparency in the debates and processes of design of policies towards the crime, to potential the responsibility of the police, sensitivity respect to the local and daily problems to the population, without forgetting the doctrine, recruitment, training and organization of the police.

Until where a police reform can arrive that does not include constitutional aspects, the adjective legal frame, the administrative scheme of management, the system of professionalization and the relation with the community?

In synthesis, the internal and external control of the professional responsibility of the police, is the key for the successful development of the reform.

Controls, very well, but what are the controls and which must exist?

The controls are mechanisms that allow to evaluate and to correct the performance of the activities, from the scheme of organization, qualitative and quantitative efficiency, the personnel in the fulfillment of their functions, infrastructure, logistical operations, and an adapted use of the budget.

For a suitable control a good plan is required, inasmuch as the control techniques are technical of planning; and of one it structures organizational to establish a quick and effective responsibility, to effect to correct the deviation or breach of the plans. He is necessary then the establishment of standards, measurement of the performance against these standards, and correction of the deviations.

When approaching the subject of the internal controls we found that they serve those aims:

- Hierarchic control
- Disciplinary control.
- Mechanism of the ascents
- Profile of design of the positions
- Productivity report.
- Mechanisms of feedback with the client.
- Scale of measurement of the work
- Supervision mechanisms
- Evaluations of the supervisor
- Autoevaluations
- Determination of positioning with respect to competition level or professional accomplishment
- Mechanism of accreditation and certification of the police organizations.
- Control of violation to the norms and the policies.

We asked ourselves, are sufficient the internal controls?

On the matter, Dr ALBERTO BINDER says that the "police is a necessary element while some policy of persecution of the crimes exists and they have still not been a suitable method of control of the police faculties. The Public Ministry, an institution that little has served in our countries, can be oriented towards the fulfillment of those tasks. Of course it does not mean to diminish the power of the judges but, very on the contrary, to increase the capacity of the judges on the set of the investigation system ".

The internal controls are not sufficient to guarantee the levels of professional competitionin the police organizations.

"To where I know, all the democratic models of police control in the world conjugate at least these two systems, external and internal. One without the other is insufficient "

Of there the necessity to take into account the congressional control, judicial, of the defender of the town and mass media, to authenticate the cost, verification of fulfillment to the countable, financial and administrative procedures, to evaluate the control of the mission, if it has increased or handicapped the index of security in the diverse zones, among other topics.

Nevertheless, that study comprises of another subject.

However, as far as the real or supposed violations to the human rights, which is the general
situation?

For impunity and for other complicity with the delinquency exists.

The solution to the problem is evident: to control the police abuse and to restrain the corruption, independently of the taking of position as far as the mechanics of the protection or violation of the individual liberties. In this context they acquire use subjects like impunity, the violence, the excessive use of force, the extrajudicial executions and the torture.

Nevertheless, the currents guarantist and efficientist face all along of the penal process,
since the first police performances begin: the subject of the police interrogation becomes
a true battlefield!

is unquestionable, which "the phenomenon of impunity supposes the absence or insufficiency
of tendients measures to the elucidation of the truth with respect to violations of the
human rights, of judgement and sanction of the people in charge of those facts as well
as of integral repair of the derived damage of those, orchestrated like an all organic
inescindible"

On the other hand, one knows that the plea of obedience due has constituted historically one of the mechanisms of consolidation of impunity.

What happens or has happened in some neighboring countries?

ARGENTINA

According to the Lic. ROBERT G. GIUSTI, in Argentina, the inadequate allocation of the budget for the security forces and/or police officers, as well as his ' improper administration' letter seriously with the suitable application of any type of measures that is adopted in search of the solution of the problematic one, which originates, among other consequences, that the police civil employees must face the present delinquency in disadvantage with respect to means, armament and until qualification.

It adds that the lack of means and personnel in amount and quality in the police organisms prevents all type of implementation of a concrete plan fights it against driving of the present delinquency: ' the thin one to have monthly' forces more to the personnel to be worried about its college activity that the main one - to be police -.

It suggests scheme to solve problematic that includes phase of diagnosis and the two modules: one conceptual one that fixes the general policies and another instruments with the totality of strategies, programs, projects and specific actions next to the execution plans.

It sees like an obstacle the deficiency of sufficient civil employees with the minimum characteristics that allow him to neutralize the existing levels of corruption.

BRAZIL

The internal control of the police action is competition of the Penitentiaries of Police in each State. It corresponds to them to control the regularity of served and to verify the irregularities in that the police agents were surrounded, indicating the applicable penalties and making the due administrative processes.

In the State of Sao Paulo it was created in 1995, the first Audit of Police, directed by a representative of the civil society, destined to complement the internal control of the police actions.

CHILE

In Chile a centralized and militarized police apparatus exists ', to image and similarity of the Armed Forces, similar to countries like Spain and Italy that have one long latifundiaria tradition and of traditional political institutions. Very different it is the situation of modern societies where a scheme of decentralized, independent police is primate in general and of character civil'

' One of the central reasons for the militarization was the acute precarious that the institution in charge of the public order showed and the security, mainly in the last century, that was translated in corruption, lack of unit, organization and effectiveness at national level.'

"the changes and reconstructions in the police services of 1932 and 1985 were possible, not only by the repercussion in the public opinion of treacherous and horrible crimes, but because it existed and it today exists in the civil society and the political system a sensitivity and a consensus in order to condemn the indiscriminate police repression and to defend the human rights."

EL SALVADOR

According to MAURICIO CHAVEZ, "six deficiencies and main distortions in the present ' model exist at least police' of the Civil National Police: deficiency of statistical instruments adapted to measure the evolution of the delinquency phenomenon, deficiency of a policy of coherent public security and with medium vision of and long term, débel relation police-community, predominance of a vision of territory occupation on one of police presence, organizational deficiency and of professional formation."

It adds that the Police is an excessively corporativist institution, that lacks a philosophy and an suitable methodology of integration and contacts with the citizenship, which repels negatively in its capacity to prevent and to fight the crime, due among other factors to his quartered operation and the lack of professional formation in the matter of communitarian police.

It emphasizes that the proliferation of the police positions demonstrates a predominance of a vision of territory occupation on one of police presence, assured by means of an effective system citizen contacts, patrolling and communications.

A General Inspectoría of the Civil National Police was created, under the authority of the Minister of Public Security, with management and monitoring functions and the control of the operative services, according to the Presidential Decree number 4 of the 27 of January of 1995, that also defines the functions of ' monitoring and control' that must exert on the police corporation, from an external perspective, with personnel non police officer and its own means.

HONDURAS

It is considered that the problem of the security ' is bound directly to substantial changes in the penal system and to the incorporation of the civil society as fundamental axis in the plan, decision making and the execution of policies and projects'.

"If we were in agreement with the police that we have at the moment, we would not be looking for a new institution and a new police"

December of 1996, the Congress unanimously ratified the constitutional reform by means of which the functions are transfer to maintain the security and the public order of the Armed Forces to the civilian authorities, establishing for it a civil police force.

"the demilitarization of the police body cannot be understood like a simple change of denomination, like a mere movement of pieces within the organizational chart of the State, but like a deep process that the internalization of values implies that are to be reflectedin methodological and cultural differences to the interior of the new civil police".

PEREZ MUNGIA insists on the necessity that the legislation it contemplates an internal disciplinary unit with sufficient authority, independence and resources to take care of the complaints of the citizenship, that is due to also establish a ' citizen instance of control and monitoring of the exercise and performances of the new body police' in its essential characteristics like demilitarization, apoliticidad, subordination to the civilian authorities, respect to the human rights, effectiveness in the fight against the criminality and good use of the economic resources that trust to him.

Finally, among other recommendations, like result of a seminary in which the axes fundamental were analyzed to take into account in the process, the necessity is mentioned to accelerate the judicial reform; to fortify the State of Right, the internal and external control mechanisms of the police operation; to face impunity, corruption and immunity like indicators of the political will to face the insecurity and to promote a budgetary fortification of thepolice that causes the modernization and equipment necessary to increase its efficiency.

MEXICO

According to affirms, "the police in Mexico enjoys impunity that assures a relative degree to him autonomy by means of which it informally establishes internal adjustments that allowto distribute privileges of diverse Hindu to him"

For some that autonomy it is ' the fundamental characteristic that it characterizes the police in Mexico which, ' by means of legal and illegal resources, saves to all control and external control effective, which allows to the ' predominance of personal loyalties and the informal networks within the bodies, the corporative or clientelist protection and concealment, and the subordination of the institutional exigencies to the particular interests of command'.

"Loyalty, complicity, impunity and autonomy are in my opinion the axes of a complex mechanism that has constituted the historical base of the behavior of the police institutions in Mexico".

Nevertheless, the authorities of that country are taking the measures that the situation deserve : recently the Unit of Visitaduría and Internal Inspection's of the Federal Judicial Police was created, to guarantee that the agents adjust totally to applicable the legal and administrative dispositions, according to the No.117/01 Bulletin of the 26 of February of the present year.

The holder of that Unit will be designated by the General Solicitor of the Republic and between its functions they are those to watch the fulfillment of the functions of the agents like aids of the Public Minister, to denounce the illicit conducts that could constitute ' penals' or administrative irregularities, to prevent that unconnected people to the institution are used, to supervise to the allocation and appropriate use of armament, the ammunition, vehicles and equipment, like as to organize programs of supervision visits, inspection and investigation.

NICARAGUA

the subject of the Citizen Security, of great importance in Central America, was object of reflection between the authorities of the National Police and the Regional Coordinator of Economic Investigations and Sociales (RCEIS), that maintained an encounter to speak of the case.

In the meeting, the Head of the National Police, commissioned Montealegre Franc, presented/displayed before the members of CRIES a "General Plan of Five years of the Police", project that thinks to impel through an external financing of 45 million dollars.

Between the main goals of the Police to offer to the population one better Citizen Security,they emphasize the reduction of the crime that in the last year was increased in a 12percent, to motivate the interest by the police race between the young people, technologicalupdate of the investigative equipment and to rescue the confidence of the population towards the Police.

PERU

According to congresswoman Anel Townsend, one of the algid points of the problematic policeofficer is "the lack of internal control that has allowed the scandalous embezzlement of the institutional bottoms. It indicates like vital subject the involution of the Inspectoría of the Police and a legal reform that allows to put under the institution to a more effective control on the part of the General Contraloría of the Republic ".

It assures that a policy low pays, together with a qualification of six months with all the limitations by shortage of bottoms public ' she does not make but offer a deficient result to us that repels in the lack of confidence of ciudadaníá, immediately to propose greater attention to the professional qualification of the cash, improvements in infrastructure, logistic and putting special accent in ' determining the responsibilities by cases of corruption that have harmed institución'.

In synthesis, when summarizing the main proposals of parties and groupings that participated in the elections, DAVID HIDALGO summarizes: "the subject of how to obtain an efficient and worthy National Police of the citizen confidence happen through the improvement in the standards of life of the police cash, to intensify the qualification, to avoid impunity of the cases of corruption and of guaranteeing a correct policy of ascents, according to is come off the proposals of the main political groupings in the present electoral process.

URUGUAY

As solution to improve the citizen security sets out a new criminal policy which it finishes with the selectivity of the preferredly oriented penal system towards the sectorsbut are lack, that are able to face average suitable the crimes of white neck, the corruption, the economic drug trafficking, crimes and the international bands.

The police institute must be transformed, dignifying its function, recreating the necessary bridges between him and the rest of the society, improving its wages, fighting the internal corruption, fitting to the laws and regulations that govern it, equipping it with adapted equipment, technifying and modernizing methods of investigation and maintaining to the personnel with a level of instruction and advanced training to the present one.

Since one has noticed, most of the information that we have presented/displayed, talks about to the problematic one of the security in diverse Latin American countries, which has allowed us to have a regional vision of the subject that is analyzed in the today seminary, but which are the internal control mechanisms that project to use in the country?

We will see when analyzing the Direction them of Ethic and Conduct, whose basic mission is to coordinate programs and actions against the corruption, the excessive use of force, as well as to investigate the crimes and crimes committed by members of the institution.

INTERNAL CONTROLS IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

The Direction of Ethic and Conduct is conceived like transverse axis of the police organization. It will act through the application of tests of integrity and the investigation of the complaints, of impartial and meticulous way, with the participation of institutions and outstanding personalities of the society.

She is the responsible organization to direct to the programs and activities against the corruption. It controls the illegal use of the authority and infractions of criminal character, in which they can be involved the police agents.

FUNCTIONS:

a) To detect and to observe the incorrect performances of the members of the National Police.

b) To receive and to investigate the denunciations, complaints, complaints, etc. of bad conduct that involve members of the institution in good condition or outside this one.

c) To develop and to apply pro-active strategies against the corruption, by means of the implementation of tests of integrity between the members of the institution.

d) To carry out of impartial and meticulous way the investigations ordered by the National Direction of the Police, as well as the different denunciations done by the citizens through mass media or others, emitting the corresponding report, with the pertinent opinion and recommendation.

e) To develop and to implement systems of random investigations to the members of the institution, around its economic income and general activities, to verify that they are legal within the framework.

f) - To investigate of objective and impartial way all the police performances with indications of excessive use of the force, crime or police brutality; for which, previous approval of the National Director of the Police, will be able to successfully obtain the collaboration and participation in the investigation of the public ministry and/or personalities of recognized moral solution, ethical and professional.

h) - To develop, to implement and to apply pro-active strategies against the corruption in the system of police investigation, whose results will have properly to be documented, with the recommendations that are considered pertinent.

i) - To maintain and to develop the automated system of management, that in its area assures the documentation and evaluation information, as well as the dissemination of intelligence. To make other compatible or complementary tasks.

STRUCTURE:

The Direction of Ethic and Police Conduct will be structured in the following form:

a) - a Director
b) - a Assistant director
c) - a Department of Investigations
d) - a Department of Intelligence
e) - a Department of Operations

INTELLIGENCE DEPARTMENT:

This Department in functional terms supports to the one of Investigations, consequently, the structures of these are common to each other. The Department of Intelligence of the Direction of Ethic and Police Conduct has the following sections:

a) - Section of Monitoring: Which consists of two units, one of conventional monitoring and another one of electronic monitoring.

b) - Section of Analysis

c) - Section of Connections and Alliances: Which consists of two units, one of national alliances and another one of international alliances.

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART DEPARTMENT OF INVESTIGATIONS

GENERALS:

DEPARTMENT OF OPERATIONS:

The Department of Operations has the following sections:

a) - a Section of Operations: Which will have three units as well, the Operative Unit, the Unit of Psychological Profiles and the Unit of Test of Integrity.

b) - a Section of Support of the Investigation: Which will have the following units as well: Central unit of Communications, the Unit of Development of Computer science Systems and a Unit of Statistics.

The Section of Operations will be integrated in the following form:

- Operative Unit
- Unit of Monitoring
- Unit of Organized Crime
- Unit of Test of Integrity

The Section of Support of the Investigation will be formed of the following way:

- Central Unit of Communications
- Unit of Development of Computer science Systems
- Unit of Statistics

The Office of Professional Development will as well conform the Unit of Training and the Unit of Methods and Norms.

DESCRIPTION OF FUNCTIONS:

DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL INVESTIGATIONS:

It must like function make all the investigations on imputed irregularities to members of the Institution, having to express the corresponding opinion and recommendation.

INTELLIGENCE DEPARTMENT:

It is the person in charge to collect, to evaluate and to analyze the information contained in a denunciation or subject exhibition to investigation.

ANALYSIS SECTION:
It must like function organize, document and put under analysis and impartial the denunciations, complaints, exhibitions as far as the performance of the police agents.

DEPARTMENT OF OPERATIONS:

He is responsible to execute the tasks and resulting procedures of the decisions of the Director of Ethic and Police Conduct, plans and tests of prevention of the corruption
in the two functional areas of the National Police: Administrative and Judicial.

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART DEPARTMENT OF OPERATIONS

INSPECTORIAL OF ETHIC And POLICE CONDUCT:

This organizational structure has the same functions that the Direction of Ethic and Conduct Police, but limited the geographic demarcation or the function of the Commando or the Direction where she has been outstanding.

The Inspectorial de Ethic and Police Conduct, will not be subordinated to the Regional Directors nor to the Directors of Directions, although they possibly could have its seat in the seat of one of these, being direct under the command of the Director of Ethic and Police Conduct.

Conclusion

The police comprises of the set of the penal system: it is necessary to accelerate the modification of the effective legal ordering through the Codes Penal and of Penal Procedure.

The raised police reform in the country is of integral, systematic, technical and rational character: potentials its operations of reduction of the delinquency; it professionalizes it; it increases the protection of the citizenship, the participation of the community in the solution of the problems; it emphasizes the respect to the human rights and the efficient control of the behavior of his members; it establishes new standards of recruitment, it assures the social welfare the police, organizes his technological equipment, structures of processes and qualification, like his constructions, among other measures.

Some weaknesses that are attributed to the police body turn out from the great age and incapacity of the effective penal ordering to give an efficient answer to the criminality, including denunciations of violations to the human rights, due to the nonexistence of practices such as the approbatory exclusion and the theory of the fruit of the poisoned tree; poor development of the guarantists theories, delay and delays in the solution of cases, structural congestionament of the system and other faults.

In Latin America the measures necessary are being adopted in order to guarantee the stability of the democratic system that allows to stimulate national the private investment  much as foreign.

The reforms of the security structures are conflicting that they have by objective to finish with the inefficiency, the corruption and other own characteristics of models based on the theory of the national security to replace them by focused schemes the citizen whose fundamental mission is the protection of this one, with operations based on the principles of responsibility and surrender of accounts, involution of their effectiveness, participation of the civil society and increase of the relations with the community.

It is necessary to count on effective instruments to reduce the criminality, to measure the same criminality,  like the fear to the crime and the insecurity, to leave speeches and devoid poses of scientific rigor in relation to the subject, to establish recidivism levels, to apply directors who allow to face the crime their own resources, to develop theprevention of the crime, to fortify the control mechanisms: in short, to accelerate and to deepen the process of reform of the State.

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>>Loyalty, Effectiveness, Integrity.